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ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() NNAAMMEE adaed - NYU translator and interpreter for the Ada pro- gramming language SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS aaddaaccoommpp [ option ] ... _f_i_l_e aaddaabbiinndd [ option ] ... [ _l_i_b_r_a_r_y ] aaddaaeexxeecc [ option ] ... [ _l_i_b_r_a_r_y ] aaddaalliibb [ _l_i_b_r_a_r_y ] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN Adaed is a translator/interpreter for the Ada programming language that is intended primarily for educational use. AAddaaccoommpp compiles an Ada program; it invokes in succession the three compilation phases: parsing, semantic analysis, and code generation. The _f_i_l_e argument refers to the source file; if it contains no suffix the Ada source is assumed to be in _f_i_l_e_._a_d_a_. It may be a full path name. The output of the compiler is an instruction stream for an abstract Ada machine, which is subsequently interpreted. AAddaabbiinndd binds the _l_i_b_r_a_r_y with the specified _m_a_i_n___u_n_i_t to form an executable program. AAddaaeexxeecc invokes the Ada machine interpreter. _L_i_b_r_a_r_y specifies a library containing a bound program. AAddaalliibb is a utility that enables the user to examine the contents of the specified library. Note: all options must precede the file name (for aaddaa-- ccoommpp), or library name (for aaddaabbiinndd, aaddaaeexxeecc, and aaddaalliibb) and must be in lower case. LLIIBBRRAARRYY All compilations require a library. A library is a subdi- rectory, which is created or reinitialized when the user invokes a command containing --nn option, such as: _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_n _-_l _l_i_b_n_a_m_e _a_d_a_f_i_l_e Intermediate files appear in subdirectory _l_i_b_n_a_m_e. This directory is created by the command if it does not already exist. Only the listing files are created in the direc- tory from which _a_d_a_c_o_m_p is invoked. The _l_i_b_n_a_m_e directory should be used to hold files created by the _a_d_a_e_d commands only (i.e. those produced by the Ada/Ed system); confusion and grief may result if you attempt to use a library directory to hold other files. The _l_i_b_n_a_m_e argument may be a full path name. If the environment variable ADALIB is defined, its value is used as a default library and the --ll option (including NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 1 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() its _l_i_b_n_a_m_e argument) to _a_d_a_c_o_m_p can be omitted. Simi- larly, if ADALIB is defined then the library name need not be provided to _a_d_a_b_i_n_d_, _a_d_a_e_x_e_c, and _a_d_a_l_i_b. A given utility library, UL (e.g. one that contains mathe- matical functions) may be used by several unrelated pro- grams. It may then be convenient to create independent libraries for each program, and initialize each library with the contents of UL. This can be done simply by cre- ating directories for each library, and copying the con- tents of UL into each of these. OOPPTTIIOONNSS The options for _a_d_a_c_o_m_p are as follows: --aa Generates instructions for use by the interpreter (_a_d_a_e_x_e_c command) to trace the Ada source lines. Used in conjunction with the --tt aa option of adaexec. --bb Indicates that the binding of the library is to be performed if the current compila- tion is completed without errors. --gg Specifies that the compiler is to produce a listing of the generated instructions for the Ada machine (of little interest to most users). --ii_x This is an option to the binder and is rel- evant only if the --bb option is used. See options for _a_d_a_b_i_n_d below. --ll_l_i_b_r_a_r_y Uses the specified library to satisfy ref- erences to compilation units not present in the file being compiled. If the compilation is successful, the units defined in the file are added to the library. If this option is not specified explicitly, a default library is implicitly defined by the ADALIB environment variable. --mm_u_n_i_t___n_a_m_e This is an option to the binder and is rel- evant only if the --bb option is used. See options for _a_d_a_b_i_n_d below. --nn Indicates that a new library is to be cre- ated for this compilation. The name of the library is indicated by the --ll option or through the ADALIB environment variable. The --nn option must be specified if the library referenced by the --ll option (or the ADALIB environment variable) does not already exist or must be reinitialized. NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 2 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() --ss Produces a listing of the source file. The name of the listing file is the input file name prefix with suffix _._l_i_s. By default, no listing file is generated unless there are warnings, errors or informational mes- sages to report. --vv Gives a (verbose) descriptive trace showing the subsidiary programs invoked by the _a_d_a_- _c_o_m_p command, the options and arguments passed to them, and their exit status. This is used primarily for system checkout. The options for _a_d_a_b_i_n_d are as follows: --mm_u_n_i_t___n_a_m_e Specifies the name of the unit which is to serve as a main program. When the library contains only one main program (which must be a parameterless procedure) this option is not needed. --ii_x To be used for programs that use pprraaggmmaa INTERFACE. _x designates the non-Ada inter- faced procedures and may be a) the name of an object file, created by the user, of the form _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e_._o (that appears in the same directory as the Ada program); or b) an abbreviation for the library '/lib/lib_x.a'. If that does not exist then '/usr/lib/lib_x.a' is searched. This library is unrelated to the Ada program library referenced by the various _a_d_a_e_d commands, and generally refers to a stan- dard library provided for another program- ming language. This option may be used as many times as necessary, providing that each use represents only a single file or library. Thus, _a_d_a_b_i_n_d _-_i _a_._o _-_i _b_._o _-_i _l_i_b _._._. is acceptable, while _a_d_a_b_i_n_d _-_i _a_._o _b_._o _l_i_b _._._. is not. To use this option, the environment variable INT must be set to point to the directory containing the file _a_d_a_i_n_t (see the Setup file or your system manager). Usage examples appear below. The options for _a_d_a_e_x_e_c are as follows: --mm_b_o_u_n_d___m_a_i_n___u_n_i_t Specifies the name of the bound main unit, i.e. the main unit that was specified to _a_d_a_b_i_n_d, or _a_d_a_c_o_m_p. Note that a given library may have been bound several times with different main units. When the library has been bound with only one main unit, this option is not needed. NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 3 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() --hh_h_e_a_p___s_i_z_e Specify the size of the heap increment in kilo- words, by which the heap is expanded when the elaboration of a new entity requires it. The heap expands to fill available memory. The default increment is 128. This parameter limits the size of the largest object that can be cre- ated in a program. --pp_p___s_i_z_e Specifies the size in bytes of the program stack size for the main task. The default is 10000. Argument values in the range 1..31 are multi- plied by 1024 to obtain the stack size in bytes. The maximum value is 32767. --ss_t___s_i_z_e Specifies the size in bytes of the stack size for each new task. The default is 10000. Argu- ment values in the range 1..31 are multiplied by 1024 to obtain the stack size in bytes. Use of small stack sizes may be appropriate when exe- cuting programs with many tasks, each of which can run with a small stack. The maximum value is 32767. --tt_t_r_a_c_e___o_p_t_i_o_n_s Specify one or more of the following letters indicating the kind of trace(s) requested for the execution of the program. aa (Ada line) Display the source line num- bers. This requires that the program be compiled with the --aa option. cc (calls) Display the name of each subprogram as it is entered and exited. ee (exceptions) Display the name of each exception as it is raised. rr (rendezvous) Trace each rendezvous. tt (tasks) Display task creation, acti- vation, and termination. EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS The following examples show typical usage: 1) Compile t1.ada into a new library called testlib and bind the library; then execute it. The listing is written to t1.lis. Note that --ss is NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 4 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() used to force a listing file to be created. _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_s _-_n_l _t_e_s_t_l_i_b _-_b _t_1 _a_d_a_e_x_e_c _t_e_s_t_l_i_b 2) Compile a package specification in p.spc and corresponding body in p.bod into a new library called tstlib. Then compile t2.ada into the same library, bind the main program, and execute it _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_n_l _t_s_t_l_i_b _p_._s_p_c _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_l _t_s_t_l_i_b _p_._b_o_d _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_l _t_s_t_l_i_b _-_b _t_2 _a_d_a_e_x_e_c _t_s_t_l_i_b 3) In the example above, the binding could be done in a separate phase. This is achieved by replacing the third command above with: _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_l _t_s_t_l_i_b _t_2 _a_d_a_b_i_n_d _t_s_t_l_i_b 4) Example 2 above could be done without explicitly specifying the library by setting the environ- ment variable ADALIB, as follows: _s_e_t_e_n_v _A_D_A_L_I_B my_default_directory _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_n _p_._s_p_c _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _p_._b_o_d _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_b _t_2 _a_d_a_e_x_e_c 5) Compile a program with line numbers included in the generated code. Execute it displaying Ada source line numbers as they are encountered. _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_a _-_n_l _l_i_b_n_a_m_e _-_b _t_1 _a_d_a_e_x_e_c _-_t _a _l_i_b_n_a_m_e 6) Compile a program with two parameterless proce- dures (potential main programs) which are named MAIN1 and MAIN2 in files p1.ada and p2.ada respectively, and bind the library _t_s_t_l_i_b using MAIN1 as the main program. _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_n_l _t_s_t_l_i_b _p_1 _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_l _t_s_t_l_i_b _p_2 _a_d_a_b_i_n_d _-_m _m_a_i_n_1 _t_s_t_l_i_b _a_d_a_e_x_e_c _t_s_t_l_i_b 7) Suppose we wish to add another program to the library tstlib (created in Example 6) whose main program unit is named MAIN3 and appears in file p3.ada. The following commands will compile and NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 5 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() execute MAIN3. As tstlib was previously bound with MAIN1 as a main unit, it is now necessary to use the --mm option to _a_d_a_e_x_e_c in order to select the desired bound main unit. _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_l _t_s_t_l_i_b _p_3 _a_d_a_b_i_n_d _-_m _m_a_i_n_3 _t_s_t_l_i_b _a_d_a_e_x_e_c _-_m _m_a_i_n_3 _t_s_t_l_i_b 8) The contents of the library above can be exam- ined by: _a_d_a_l_i_b _t_s_t_l_i_b _A_d_a_l_i_b writes the name, type and compilation date of each unit in the specified library to standard output. In addition, it writes the current status (active or obsolete) of each unit. Units which may be main programs are noted by "(Main)"; if there is more than one such unit, the --mm option to adabind must be specified during binding. Libraries that have been bound will contain at least one unit labeled "binding unit". If several of these are active, the --mm option must be specified for _a_d_a_e_x_e_c. PPRRAAGGMMAA IINNTTEERRFFAACCEE Pragma interface (LRM 13.9) is currently supported for interfacing to subprograms written in FORTRAN or C. Arguments to interfaced procedures must be one of the fol- lowing types: For C: integer, float, access, array, record, and enumera- tion types. For FORTRAN: integer, float and array. The return types available are integer and float. Following are sample Ada programs that are interfaced to subprograms coded in FORTRAN and C, together with the code for the interfaced subprograms: 1) Interface to FORTRAN C This is a source file called _f_u_n_c_._f which contains two functions to be used in an C Ada program with pragma INTERFACE. function sqr(x) sqr = x*x return end function cube(x) cube = x*x*x return end NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 6 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() -- Assume that the following are the contents of file _f_o_r_t_l_i_b_._a_d_a. -- It contains a compilation unit that defines two func- tions which are -- interfaced to the above routines. ppaacckkaaggee FORTRAN_LIB iiss ffuunnccttiioonn SQR(X:FLOAT) rreettuurrnn FLOAT; ffuunnccttiioonn CUBE(X:FLOAT) rreettuurrnn FLOAT; pprriivvaattee pprraaggmmaa INTERFACE(FORTRAN, SQR); pprraaggmmaa INTERFACE(FORTRAN, CUBE); eenndd FORTRAN_LIB; wwiitthh FORTRAN_LIB, TEXT_IO; uussee FORTRAN_LIB, TEXT_IO; pprroocceedduurree TEST iiss ffuunnccttiioonn SQRT(X : FLOAT) rreettuurrnn FLOAT; pprraaggmmaa INTERFACE(C,SQRT); ppaacckkaaggee MY_FLOAT_IO iiss nneeww FLOAT_IO(FLOAT); uussee MY_FLOAT_IO; bbeeggiinn PUT(SQR(2.0)); NEW_LINE; PUT(CUBE(2.0)); NEW_LINE; PUT(SQRT(2.0)); NEW_LINE; eenndd TEST; To compile and execute, enter the following commands: _f_7_7 _-_c _f_u_n_c_._f _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_n_l _t_e_s_t_l_i_b _-_b _-_i _f_u_n_c_._o _f_o_r_t_l_i_b _a_d_a_e_x_e_c _t_e_s_t_l_i_b The output will be: 4.00000E+00 8.00000E+00 1.41421E+00 2) Interface to C /* * Source file _p_r_o_c_._c contains procedures PRINTA and PRINTS1 called by * the Ada program above. */ printa(ara) int ara[]; { int i; for (i=0;i<10;i++) { printf("%d ",ara[i]); } printf("\n"); } NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 7 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() prints1(ara,len) int ara[]; int len; { int i; for (i=0;i<len;i++) { printf("%c",ara[i]); } printf("\n"); } -- Assume that file _t_e_s_t___i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e_._a_d_a contains the fol- lowing program: pprroocceedduurree C_INTERFACES iiss ttyyppee ARA10 iiss aarrrraayy(1..10) ooff INTEGER; A10: ARA10 := (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10); pprroocceedduurree PRINTA(A:ARA10); -- PRINTA prints an array of 10 elements of type INTEGER pprraaggmmaa INTERFACE(C, PRINTA); pprroocceedduurree PRINTS1(A:STRING; LEN: INTEGER); -- PRINTS1 prints an array of LEN elements of type CHARACTER pprraaggmmaa INTERFACE(C, PRINTS1); pprroocceedduurree PRINTS(A:STRING) iiss -- This routine prints a string by passing the string and its length -- to the routine PRINTS1 which is written in C. bbeeggiinn PRINTS1(A, A'length); eenndd; bbeeggiinn PRINTA(A10); PRINTS("this is any string"); eenndd; To compile and execute, enter the following: _c_c _-_c _p_r_o_c_._c _a_d_a_c_o_m_p _-_i _p_r_o_c_._o _-_n_l _t_e_s_t_l_i_b _-_b _t_e_s_t___i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _a_d_a_e_x_e_c _t_e_s_t_l_i_b The resulting output is as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 this is any string EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT The environment variable AADDAALLIIBB contains the name of the library used if none is specified on the command line. NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 8 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() Normally the executables called by aaddaaccoommpp and the prede- fined libraries are in a directory built into the system. The directory containing these can be specified by the environment variable AADDAAEEDD which overrides the built in directory name. The location of individual components called by aaddaaccoommpp or the location of the predefined libraries can be overridden with the following environment variables: PPRRSS For the parser, aaddaapprrss;; SSEEMM For the semantic analyzer, aaddaasseemm;; GGEENN For the code generator, aaddaaggeenn;; BBNNDD For the binder, aaddaabbiinndd;; and AADDAAEEDDPPRREEDDEEFF For the predefined libraries. FFIILLEESS file.ada Ada source file adaint partially built interpreter (used for pragma interface) predef.axq symbol table for predef predef.trc tree file for predef predef.lib library for predef DDIIAAGGNNOOSSTTIICCSS Adaed commands return an exit code of 0 in the case of success, and nonzero otherwise. An error code of 1 indi- cates errors in usage of the Ada language, 2 is returned if there is an internal Adaed system error, and 3 denotes some invalid usage of the Adaed system. Error messages regarding invalid system usage are directed to the stan- dard error file. Ada language related messages detected at compilation are written to the listing file, while those detected by _a_d_a_b_i_n_d or _a_d_a_e_x_e_c appear on standard output. Note, that an error in a given compilation unit may cause subsequent compilation units (within the same compilation) not to be recognized. AAUUTTHHOORRSS Ada/Ed-C was written by the following members of the NYU Ada Project: Bernard Banner, Jerome Chiabaut, Robert Dewar, Anne Dinning, Alain Lauque, Gail Schenker Morgulis, Brett Porter, Jean-Pierre Rosen, Edmond Schonberg, David Shields, Brian Siritzky, Franck Triplet. BBUUGGSS We give absolutley no warranty as to the correctness of the system. It was designed strictly for teaching pur- poses. Currently it is unvalidated although we hope to put it in a validatable shape in the near future. Any compilation or execution that terminates abnormally with mention of _i_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _e_r_r_o_r has uncovered a bug that should be reported to the NYU Ada group. NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 9 ADAED() Unix Programmer's Manual ADAED() NYUADA project New York University 251 Mercer Street New York, N.Y. 10012 (212) 998 - 3480 NYU Ada Group 23 September 1991 10